| Analytical Chemistry |
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CHEM S310
Analytical Chemistry
| Course Learning Outcomes |  |
When you have completed this Course you should be able to:
Recognize correct formulations of the items listed in the table below.
- Apply the items listed in the table to:
- suggest an reasonable analytical methods to determine the composition of a sample;
develop a method and experimental procedure to analyze a real sample.
- Demonstrate your understanding of analytical methods, and your ability to apply them, by using the items in the table to:
- formulate or select a method on the basis of given evidence or data from a list of given alternatives;
- suggest or select appropriate experimental tests of such method;
- evaluate an experiment, given its purpose and design, by detecting factors that could bias or invalidate its results.
The table below lists the most important scientific principles and concepts that are presented in the Course.
sampling methods and techniques standardization and calibration methods quality control and quality assurance equilibria associated with acid-base, complex ion and redox system volumetric analysis: acid - base titration principles of chromatographic separation quality of chromatographic separations: peak shape, column efficiency, selectivity and resolution qualitative and quantitative analysis by chromatography principles of gas chromatography instrumentation of gas chromatography parameters of gas chromatography analysis techniques for separations of different types of samples by gas chromatography qualitative and quantitative analysis by gas chromatography instrumentation of high performance liquid chromatography modes of high performance liquid chromatography analysis techniques for using high performance liquid chromatography applications of high performance liquid chromatography to quantitative analysis principles of atomic spectroscopy instrumentation of atomic absorption spectroscopy methods of atomization of samples background interference and the background correction techniques the principles of atomic emission spectroscopy various types of emission source the principles of UV/visible spectroscopy Beer - Lambert Law analytical procedures and techniques for spectrometric determination of samples spectra - structure correlation in organic chemistry Woodward Rules for diene absorption preliminary sample pretreatment methods for preparing analysis samples separation and preconcentration techniques: solvent extraction, ion exchange, adsorption and desorption, and precipitation
| Overview | |
This Course Guide is designed to help you through this higher level course -- CHEM S310 Analytical Chemistry. It contains all kinds of useful information on assignments, study strategy and many other aspects of the Course. You will find it useful throughout the year.
Before we begin, it is important to remind you that knowledge on the structures of chemical compounds and chemical principles will help you work through this Course. If you want to brush up your chemical concepts, you can review them with any textbooks on General Chemistry. The OUHK library may be a convenient source where you can find several copies on this subject.
Section 1 lists the Course Learning Outcomes; this Section is essential reading before the preparation for the exam.
We have described this Course in some details in Section 3 and outlined the components of this Course in Section 3.1. Section 4.2 tells you the best way to use each component. You should read through Sections 3 and 4 at the beginning of the Course (week 1). Reference back to these two sections at appropriate times throughout the year is needed.
Section 5 concerns with assessment in CHEM S310 and describes the Course's assessment policy and the final examination.
| Description of the Course | |
The following quote from one of the textbooks indicates what is about analytical chemistry, it concerns with
deciding on what chemical information is needed ...
how it is to be obtained, ...
(with) appropriate implementation of chemical analysis"(p2, Samples and Standards).
The understanding of methods and techniques used to determine accurately the nature and the amount of a chemical substance in a suitable sample is the main focus of this course.
How do we understand all these materials? We can accomplish this objective through all the course activities including reading, discussion, hands-on-experiment, and assignments. We shall test your understanding through the traditional exam.
Subject Outline
The Course CHEM S310, Analytical Chemistry, is a higher level, 10-credit course. The Course consists of 9 books, each book covers particular topic areas.
Foundation of Analytical Chemistry Book 1 Samples and Standards Book 2 Sample Pretreatment and Separation Book 3 Classical Methods I
Instrumental Methods Book 4 Chromatographic Separations Book 5 Gas Chromatography Book 6 High Performance Liquid Chromatography Book 7 Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Book 8 Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy
and Applications Book 9 Environmental Analysis Each book is designed to provide basic knowledge of the principles. Books 1, 2 and 3 are foundation of analytical chemistry. If you are studying chemistry or have past S121, I am sure that you can understand the contents of book 3 without much difficulty.
At first, you will look at the sampling techniques and the calibration methods which you should think about before analyzing a sample, and then you will examine the methods for pretreatment and pre-concentration by which a sample for analysis is prepared from a raw material.
Following this, you go on to study the chemical equilibria established in various types of reactions and the applications to the analysis of a sample. After the classical methods, you will look at the other instrumental techniques such as Gas Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Atomic Spectroscopy and UV/visible Spectroscopy.
Samples and Standards
This Book consists of three separate parts:
Part I The Analyst's Approach
Part II Sampling
Part III Standardization and Calibration
Part I shows how Analytical Chemistry relates to other areas of scientific and commercial activity. This part contains several case studies to illustrate the important role of an analyst in tackling the environmental problems.
Part II introduces the principles and theory of sampling, it also examines the sampling methods and describes typical sampling apparatus.
- Part III is intended to explain briefly some of the statistical theory. This Book goes on to discuss the role of standardization and calibration in chemical analysis. The remainder of the Book shows how the performance of analytical procedure is monitored.
Sample Pretreatment and Separation
This Book introduces ways in which raw samples for analysis are converted into a form suitable for analysis. You will learn the manipulative skills and knowledge in the field of sample pretreatment, separation, and pre-concentration. This Book first looks at the preliminary sample pre-treatments, e.g., grinding and drying of samples. It then goes on to discuss the methods for dissolution of inorganic and organic compounds. The formation of derivatives from samples will be described. Following the topics of pre-treatments, this Book explores a wide selection of separation and pre-concentration techniques such as solvent extraction, ion exchange, adsorption and desorption, precipitation and co-precipitation.
Classical Method I
This Book gives an introduction of classical methods used for monitoring purity and checking impurity. Classical methods in chemical analysis are often quick, cheap and reliable. This Book deals with the principles and applications of equilibria associated with acid and base, solubility, complex ions and redox reactions.
The 'Acid and Base' part aims to the calculations of the pH values of weak acid and weak base solutions, and looks at the variation of pH during an acid -- base neutralization.
The topic of solubility emphasizes on the application of equilibrium law to the solubility of a salt in water and in an aqueous solution containing a common ion with the salt.
The reactions and equilibria involved in the formation of complex ions are taught in the 'Complex ion formation' part, the chelate effect is also discussed in detail in this part.
Another commonly used classical method, redox equilibria, will be elaborated in the aspect of redox titration.
At the end of this Book, the techniques and applications of the equilibria to analyze a sample by titration will be discussed.
Chromatographic Separations
This Book introduces the theory and applications of chromatographic separations. The fundamental principles of chromatography will be taught in the earlier part of this Book. The knowledge conveyed here forms the bases for subsequent study of techniques such as gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.
The quality of chromatographic separations, e.g. peak shape, column efficiency, band broadening, the selectivity and resolution of the separations will be discussed in detail. Having gone through the theory, you will study how to analyze a sample qualitatively and quantitatively by chromatography.
Study of the detailed mathematical treatments of retention equations (Section 2.1.1) and band broadening processes (Section 3.5) is optional.
Gas Chromatography
This Book is intended to provide not only the principles and applications of gas chromatography, but also the working knowledge of this method. You will learn how to recognize the symptoms and diagnose the faults.
Although this Book is focusing on the practical side, the underlying theory will also be discussed. The earlier part of the Book deals with the instrumentation of gas chromatography such as the oven, column, detector, and injection system. Different parts of a GC are elaborated. The techniques for obtaining gas chromatograms of various types of samples will be explored. This Book will look into the qualitative and quantitative methods by which samples can be analyzed.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
This Book introduces high performance liquid chromatography as an important technique for analysis. It provides basic knowledge of the instrumentation in HPLC such as the pump and injection system, column and detectors. Following this, the configuration and uses of each component will be discussed in detail. This part forms the bases for studying the principles of separation by column chromatography.
Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
This Book provides knowledge of the scientific rules, techniques, procedure and equipment used in the visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy. You will learn the principles of absorption of UV/visible radiation by compounds. You will also look at the Beer-Lambert Law, and the limitations in the applications of the law. The methodology of qualitative and quantitative determination of samples having binary and multi-component systems will be explored.
Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy
This Book is designed to introduce the basic theory and the applications of atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy. The basic concepts and principles of these two methods will be discussed in detail. The part concerning instrumentation shows the functions of each component of the instrument, and describes the principles of several types of energy sources, e.g. flameless atom cells, DC plasmas, microwave-induced plasma and inductively coupled plasma. On the basis of the knowledge you have learnt, you will acquire the techniques to combat the problems during the analysis of a sample. The Book is concluded with the study of the present perspectives and future developments of the atomic spectroscopy.
Environmental Analysis
This Book first presents an introduction on environment, pollution, and the impacts of pollution on the environment. It then looks at the sources of natural organic compounds and metallic ion, and elaborates the transports of these pollutants in the environment. The major part of this Book concentrate on the techniques of sampling and analyzing the pollutants in water, soils, sediments, and atmosphere. The monitoring of pollutants by using the techniques you have learnt in the previous Books, such as AAS, UV/visible, and chromatography, will be discussed.
In this Book, alternative techniques such as anode stripping voltammetry and X-ray fluorescence will be introduced. Since these techniques have not been taught in the previous Books, you may find difficulties in studying these topics. However, you need not to worry about these problems, you can still do the analysis by means of other techniques, and the principles of these techniques will not be tested in the assignments and examination. If you are interested in studying these techniques, you can get more information from the reference books suggested in Section 3.3.
| The Course Components | |
The Course comprises:
Nine study Books;
Other printed components such as Academic Timetable and the Course Guide;
Supplementary readings;
Two day schools and six laboratory classes for you to carry out the experiment;
Video tapes in the Library
Five tutor-marked assignments;
A three-hour final examination; and
- Seven tutorials and ten surgeries.
INTRODUCTION
You have probably studied at least one OUHK Course before studying CHEM S310. We shall not spend time telling you about general study techniques.
CHEM S310 is divided into nine Books. You are expected to study each one for about 35 - 40 hours. Details of exactly when to study each particular component of the Course, and when assignments should be attempted, are given on this year's CHEM S310 Academic Timetable which is included in your first Course mailing.
THE COMPONENTS
(a) The ACOL Book
These are the 'core' of the Course, in that they contain the bulk of the teaching material. In general, you will review the prerequisite knowledge at the beginning of the Book, and then go on to study the principles and their applications. Frequently during your reading of the text you will find that we have asked you a question marked with a P and given the answer immediately below. Resist the temptation to read straight on at these points. It is very easy to be misled into thinking that you understand everything. If you try to answer the question yourself you will find out whether the concepts are clear in your mind; if you cannot answer a particular question, then you can re-read the relevant section. This may well save much pain later!
In addition, all of the Books contain self-assessment questions (SAQs). These are linked to Objectives, which indicate what you should be able to do on completion of the Book as a whole. The SAQs allow you to check if you have achieved the Objectives associated with that Book. They are also designed to assess your progress and consolidate your knowledge you have learnt. You may use the SAQs for revision when you prepare for the final examination.
You will need to buy your own textbook of “Environmental Analysis”, this textbook will be available at our book stock-list. The remaining eight Books will be included in the mailings sent by OUHK.
(b) Other printed components
The Academic Timetable contains the study schedule and the cut-off-dates for the assignments. You may refer to your Student Handbook for further information about the submission of assignments. In addition, you will have supplementary timetables for laboratory classes, tutorials and surgeries in every semester. The Course Guide contains useful information on assignments, study strategy and many aspects of the Course.
(c) Supplementary readings
You may have notice that the most recent edition of the ACOL book series is that of "Gas Chromatography, 2nd ed. 1995". In order to bring these Study Books up-to-date, the Course Coordinator will prepare supplementary readings on recent developments in various subject areas covered by the Books.
(d) Laboratory work
Although working with chemicals is potentially hazardous, working in safety can be assured as long as simple precautions are taken and sensible procedures followed. The safety booklet for working in the chemical laboratory will be sent to you together with the Laboratory Notebook later on. You should read these notes carefully and thoroughly before you carry out the laboratory work in OUHK. You will need a notebook to record your experimental observations and results, which will be reported in the assignment TMA04. In addition, you must bring your own laboratory coat when doing experiments.
You will work under the supervision of your tutor to carry out a series of experiments related to the analytical science. Please refer to the Lab Manual for more details on this exercise.
(e) Videotapes in the Library
A series of videotapes are available in our Library, and you may view the programs you are interested in.
McNair, Harold Monroe "Basic gas chromatography (video recording)" American Chemical Society, c1988. 1 videocassette (48 min.) plus 1 manual.
McNair, Harold M. "Principles of gas chromatography (video recording)" Fullerton, Calif. : Savant Audiovisuals, c1990. videocassette (44 min.) + introduction guide
"An introduction to Infrared spectroscopy" Fullerton, Calif. : Savant, c1974. videocassette (44 min.) + manual
"Principles and Practice of Thin Layer Chromatography", Fullerton, Calif. : Savant, c1975. Videocasstte (40 min.) + manual
"Chemical laboratory safety (video recording)" Gaithersburg, Md. : NUS Training Corp.
"Chemical safety in the workplace (video recording)" Fullerton, Calif. : Savant Audiovisuals, c1991.
These videotapes are concerned with Gas Chromatography and Laboratory Safety. These programs will give you the outlines of some topics and provide you with practical experience in laboratory work.
TEXTBOOKS
You will need to buy your own textbook of Book 9 'Environmental Analysis', this textbook will be available at our book stock-list. Some students like to buy reference books for additional information, or for an alternative approach to various topics, and we neither encourage nor discourage this. If you do wish to buy a book or consult one, the following list may be useful.
Skoog/West/Holler, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry Saunders College Publishing.
Skoog/Leary, Principles of Instrumental Analysis Saunders College Publishing
| Assessment in CHEM S310 | |
THE ASSESSMENT POLICY
Your course grade will be based on continuous assessment (the tutor-marked assignments) and a final examination. There are total five assignments in this Course. Assignment TMA04 (Project Report) is required. The best three of the other four assignments will be chosen for continuous assessment. Both the continuous assessment and the final examination contribute 50% to the total of the course score.
TMA04 is a required assignment and the score on it should be counted in the overall continuous assessment score. Failure to submit TMA04 or rejected late submission will result in zero marks in this assignment.
Assignment Weighing, % TMA01 25 TMA02 25 TMA03 25 TMA04 (Required assignment) 25 TMA05 25 Total 100* * Only the best three out of TMA01, 02, 03, and 05 will be counted in the continuous assessment.
THE FINAL EXAMINATION
The examination will last for three hours, and will be based on the course descriptions in Section 3. The final examination paper contains short and long questions. The Specimen Examination Paper with answers will be distributed in the middle of the Course.
