Cognitive decline primarily stems from weakened connections between brain neurons, known as synapses, which diminish with age, leading to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Recent advancements suggest that artificial neural modulators may reverse brain aging but face energy and latency challenges.

A study by Dr. Dani S. Assi developed Bi₂Se₂Te, a material for a topological modulator that efficiently neuromodulates neural signals with low energy consumption. This device enhances synaptic strength and may counteract age-related cognitive dysfunction through real-time brain-machine interfaces.