| No stated hypothesis or objective | Stated hypothesis or objective difficult to test | Clearly stated and testable hypothesis or objective |
| Chosen design not stated or chosen design did not test the stated hypothesis | Chosen design is reasonable for study objective but not the best | Chosen design is ideal for study question |
| Multiple bias, such as wrong or inadequate population studied | Adequate population sampling but bias in assessment, measurements, and/or comparison | Adequate sampling and no obvious bias |
| Critical data to interpretation of study absent Study size stated | Study size acceptable but statistics, if applicable, not adequate | Both study size and statistics adequate |
| Conclusion minimally supported by data | Conclusion somewhat supported by data | Conclusion fully supported by data |
| Study will not change practice or make no meaningful contribution to current fund of knowledge | Study will possibly change practice or modestly contribute to current fund of knowledge | Study will definitely change practice or significantly change current fund of knowledge |